Tracking Tourists’ Risk Perception on Behavioral Intentions: The Mediated-Moderation of Psychological Risk
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the role of sanitary risk and perceived travel risk on tourists' behavioral intentions to travel with psychological risk as mediation and moderation. This study uses perceived risk theory to explain the relationships. A quantitative approach was employed, collecting data from 133 tourists in Indonesia using purposive sampling and an online survey. The data obtained is analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Square. The results of this study reveal that sanitary risk and perceived travel risk influence tourists' behavioral intentions. Furthermore, this study also confirms that the higher the risk perception, the lower the tourist's behavioral intention to travel. It is also found that psychological risk can strengthen and weaken tourists' intentions to travel. The implications of this study are important for both scholars and policy makers to better understand and predict future tourist behavior, as well as for transportation and hospitality service providers to manage and mitigate perceived risks.
Downloads
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
References
Abraham, V., Bremser, K., Carreno, M., Crowley-Cyr, L., & Moreno, M. (2020). Exploring the consequences of COVID-19 on tourist behaviors: perceived travel risk, animosity and intentions to travel. Tourism Review, 76(4). https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-07-2020-0344
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology: Volume 1, 438–459. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249215.n22
Ajzen, I., & Madden, T. J. (1986). Prediction of goal-directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(86)90045-4
Anele, K. K. (2021). Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on the Indonesian tourism industry. Journal of Indonesian Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.17509/jithor.v4i2.34393
Asgary, A., & Ozdemir, A. I. (2020). Global risks and tourism industry in Turkey. Quality and Quantity, 54(5–6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-019-00902- 9
Aziz, N. A., & Long, F. (2022). To travel, or not to travel? The impacts of travel constraints and perceived travel risk on travel intention among Malaysian tourists amid the COVID-19. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2008
Bae, S. Y., & Chang, P. J. (2021). The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’ tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7). https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1798895
Cui, F., Liu, Y., Chang, Y., Duan, J., & Li, J. (2016). An overview of tourism risk perception. Natural Hazards, 82(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016- 2208-1
Corbisiero, F., Monaco, S., & Ruspini, E. (2022). Millennials, Generation Z and the future of tourism (Vol. 7). Channel View Publications.
Dragin, A. S., Majstorović, N., Janičić, B., Mijatov, M. B., & Stojanović, V. (2022). Clusters of Generation Z and Travel Risks Perception: Constraining vs. Push–Pull Factors. In The Emerald Handbook of Destination Recovery in Tourism and Hospitality (pp. 375-395). Emerald Publishing Limited.
Gu, Q., Zhang, H., Huang, S. (Sam), Zheng, F., & Chen, C. (2021). Tourists’ spatiotemporal behaviors in an emerging wine region: A time-geography perspective. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100513
Haddock, C. (1993). Managing risks in outdoor activities. Building works Wellington.
Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis.
Holm, M. R., Lugosi, P., Croes, R. R., & Torres, E. N. (2017). Risk-tourism, risk-taking and subjective well-being: A review and synthesis. In Tourism Management (Vol. 63). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.004
Hsu, C. H. C., & Huang, S. (2012). An Extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior Model for Tourists. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 36(3), 390–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348010390817
Hwang, J., & Choe, J. Y. (Jacey). (2019). Exploring perceived risk in building successful drone food delivery services. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(8). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-07-2018-0558
Jarumaneerat, T. (2022). Segmenting International Tourists Based on the Integration of Travel Risk Perceptions and Past Travel Experience. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2021.1891596
Jeyacheya, J., & Hampton, M. P. (2020). Wishful thinking or wise policy? Theorising tourism-led inclusive growth: Supply chains and host communities.
World Development, 131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104960
Joo, D., Xu, W., Lee, J., Lee, C. K., & Woosnam, K. M. (2021). Residents’ perceived risk, emotional solidarity, and support for tourism amidst the COVID- 19 pandemic. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100553
Khan, M. J., Chelliah, S., & Ahmed, S. (2017). Factors influencing destination image and visit intention among young women travellers: role of travel motivation, perceived risks, and travel constraints. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(11). https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1374985
Khan, M. J., Khan, F., Amin, S., & Chelliah, S. (2020). Perceived risks, travel constraints, and destination perception: A study on sub-saharan African medical travellers. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072807
Kim, H., Schroeder, A., & Pennington-Gray, L. (2016). Does culture influence risk perceptions? Tourism Review International, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.3727/154427216X14581596798942
Knight, F. H. (1948). Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. 397.
Koay, K. Y., Cheung, M. L., Lom, H. S., & Leung, W. K. S. (2023). Perceived risk and second-hand clothing consumption: a moderated-moderation model.
Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, July. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMM-01-2023-0001
Li, C., & Huang, X. (2022). How does COVID-19 risk perception affect wellness tourist intention: Findings on Chinese generation Z. Sustainability, 15(1), 141.
MATIZA, T., & SLABBERT, E. (2021). Tourism is too dangerous! perceived risk and the subjective safety of tourism activity in the era of covid-19.
Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 36. https://doi.org/10.30892/GTG.362SPL04-686
Mitchell, V. (1999). Consumer perceived risk: conceptualisations and models. European Journal of Marketing, 33(1–2), 163–195. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569910249229
Morrone, D., Tarulli, A., Silvestri, R., & Santovito, S. (2024). Generation Z, tourism and hospitality: the legacy of COVID-19. British Food Journal, 126(1), 205-222.
Rather, R. A., Parrey, S. H., Gulzar, R., & Rehman, S. ul. (2022). COVID-19-based threat vs coping appraisal: effect of psychological risk on customer engagement and behavioral intentions. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-01-2022-0010
Reisinger, Y., & Crotts, J. C. (2009). The influence of gender on travel risk perceptions, safety, and travel intentions. Tourism Analysis, 14(6), 793–807. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354210X12645141401269
Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 212–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504272017
Roehl, W. S., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (1992). Risk Perceptions and Pleasure Travel: An Exploratory Analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 30(4), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759203000403
Rončák, M., Scholz, P., & Linderová, I. (2021). Safety concerns and travel behavior of generation Z: Case study from the Czech Republic. Sustainability, 13(23), 13439.
Sánchez-Cañizares, S. M., Cabeza-Ramírez, L. J., Muñoz-Fernández, G., & Fuentes-García, F. J. (2021). Impact of the perceived risk from Covid-19 on intention to travel. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 970–984. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1829571
Sandbrook, C., & Semple, S. (2006). The rules and the reality of mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei tracking: How close do tourists get? ORYX, 40(4). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306001323
Simpson, P. M., & Siguaw, J. A. (2008). Perceived travel risks: The traveller perspective and manageability. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(4), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.664
Sonmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759803700209
Steiger, R., Demiroglu, O. C., Pons, M., & Salim, E. (2022). Climate and carbon risk of tourism in Europe. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2163653
Sujood, N., Hamid, S., & Bano, N. (2022). Behavioral intention of traveling in the period of COVID-19: an application of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and perceived risk. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 8(2), 357–378. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-09-2020-0183
Teeroovengadum, V., Seetanah, B., Bindah, E., Pooloo, A., & Veerasawmy, I. (2021a). Minimising perceived travel risk in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic to boost travel and tourism. Tourism Review, 76(4), 910–928. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-05-2020-0195
Tsaur, S. H., Tzeng, G. H., & Wang, K. C. (1997). Evaluating tourist risks from fuzzy perspectives. In Annals of Tourism Research (Vol. 24, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(97)00059-5
Tuclea, C. E., Vrânceanu, D. M., & Năstase, C. E. (2020). The role of social media in health safety evaluation of a tourism destination throughout the travel planning process. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166661
Wang, M., Jin, Z., Fan, S., Ju, X., & Xiao, X. (2020). Chinese residents’ preferences and consuming intentions for hotels after COVID-19 pandemic: a theory of planned behaviour approach. In Anatolia. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2020.1795894
Yamagishi, K., Canayong, D., Domingo, M., Maneja, K. N., Montolo, A., & Siton, A. (2024). User-generated content on Gen Z tourist visit intention: a stimulus-organism-response approach. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 7(4), 1949-1973.
Yang, E. C. L., & Nair, V. (2014). Tourism at Risk: A Review of Risk and Perceived Risk in Tourism. Asia-Pacific Journal of Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism (APJIHT), 3(2), 239–259. https://doi.org/10.7603/s40930-014-0013-z
Zheng, D., Luo, Q., & Ritchie, B. W. (2021). Afraid to travel after COVID-19? Self-protection, coping and resilience against pandemic ‘travel fear.’ Tourism Management, 83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104261