Hierarchy of Knowledge and Values in Management: A Qualitative Study Based on Literature Review
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Abstract
This article deeply examines the hierarchical structure of science and values that underlie management practices within the framework of modern capitalism, using a qualitative approach based on a comprehensive literature study. This research aims to understand how management science is organized in a scientific hierarchy that is not only technical-instrumental, but also loaded with ideological and normative content. The main focus is directed at revealing the main principles and rules underlying managerial practices in the capitalist system, as well as how certain values, such as efficiency, profitability, and economic growth are used as the main basis for decision making. Data were collected from various secondary sources such as academic journals, management theory textbooks, and relevant documents related to political-economic thought and philosophy of science. The analysis was conducted by identifying patterns of thought and dominant narratives that shape the construction of management science in the context of capitalism. By adopting a theoretical framework that covers the dimensions of ontology (the nature of organizational and market reality), epistemology (the way managerial knowledge is acquired), and axiology (the values underlying managerial actions), this research reveals the social and ideological constructions that shape management practices under the global capitalism system. The main findings suggest a fundamental tension between the orientation towards economic efficiency and the demands of social ethics and environmental sustainability. Therefore, this article emphasizes the importance of developing management theory and practice that is more adaptive to contemporary social, ecological and economic dynamics. This research is expected to contribute to the strengthening of the theoretical foundation of management science and offer an alternative approach that is more ethical, inclusive, and sustainable in answering management challenges in the modern era.
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